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AGRICULTURAL TRADE AND ITS IMPORTANCE –
SOME HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS

Since the founding of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 1959 one of the objectives was to increase productivity and the volume of agricultural produce in order to ensure food security in Europe. The instrument used to achieve this objective was the price policy for cereals, beef and dairy coupled with intervention prices and intervention guarantees for farmers. Producers received at least an administered minimum price for their products independent of the prevailing market situation.

Internal prices paid to farmers were generally set at a level well above the corresponding world price level. Consequently, this price had to be defended by border measures against competitive imports from the world market. The system of variable levies was imposed which ensured the respect of the so called community preference and which effectively prevented imports to take place. This system was the standard mechanisms for cereals, beef, dairy and sugar. At that time and for all these products, the Union was a net importer and enjoyed a certain recognition from trading partners of its need to stimulate internal production against the experiences of food shortages in Europe in the post world war II period. Agricultural products imported form the world market paid and still pay a duty which is a source of funding for the EU Budget under the own resources.


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POLJOPRIVREDNA TRGOVINA I NJEN ZNAČAJ –
OSVRT NA ISTORIJSKA DEŠAVANJA

Od uspostavljanja Zajedničke poljoprivredne politike Evropske unije (CAP) 1959. god., jedan od ciljeva je bio povećanje produktivnosti i količine poljoprivrednih proizvoda kako bi se u Evropi osigurala snabdevenost hranom. Instrument koji je korišćen za postizanje ovog cilja bio je uvođenje politike cena žitarica, govedine i mlečnih proizvoda zajedno sa interventnim cenama i garancijama poljoprivrednicima. Proizvođači su u najgorem slučaju dobijali utvrđenu minimalnu cenu za svoje proizvode, nezavisno od stanja koje preovladava na tržištu.

Unutrašnje cene ponuđene poljoprivrednicima su uglavnom bile postavljene na znatno viši nivo od nivoa odgovarajućih svetskih cena. Zato se cena morala braniti carinskim merama od cena konkurentnih uvoznih proizvoda sa svetskog tržišta. Uveden je sistem promenljivih carinskih nameta, koji je omogućavao poštovanje preferencija za proizvode iz EU (community preference) i koji je uspešno sprečavao uvoz. Ovaj sistem je bio standardni mehanizam primenjivan za žitarice, govedinu, mlečne proizvode i šećer. U to vreme je Unija za sve ove proizvode bila neto uvoznik, pa je od strane svojih trgovinskih partnera naišla na svojevrsno odobravanje u vezi sa potrebom da se stimuliše unutrašnja proizvodnja u borbi protiv nestašice hrane u Evropi u periodu posle II svetskog rata. Za poljoprivredne proizvode uvezene sa svetskog tržišta se plaćala i
još uvek se plaća carina, koja je izvor finansiranja Budžeta Evropske unije vlastitim sredstvima.